The Model 2182 is a 7 1⁄2-digit high-performance digital nanovoltmeter. It has two input channels to measure voltage and temperature. The measurement capabilities of the Model 2182 are explained in Section 2 of this manual (see “Measurement overview”). Features of the Model 2182 Nanovoltmeter include: • Ratio — Provides comparison readings between two voltage inputs. Ratio performs V1/V2. • Delta — Provides average difference of Channel 1 inputs. Delta performs (V1t1–V1t2)/2. • Enhanced Delta, Pulse Delta, and Differential Conductance — The following tests can be performed when using a Model 2182/2182A with a Model 6220 or 6221 Current Source: — Delta - Uses a square wave output and a 3-point measurement algorithm to cancel the effects of thermal EMFs. — Pulse Delta (6221 and 2182A only) - Provides a pulse output and a 3-point (or 2-point) measurement algorithm for testing of temperature sensitive Device Under Test (DUT). — Differential Conductance - Uses a differential current output and a 3-point moving average algorithm to perform differential measurements. • mX+b and Percent — These calculations provide mathematical manipulation of readings. • Relative — Null offsets or establish baseline values. • Buffer — Store up to 1024 readings in the internal buffer. • Limits — Set high and low reading limits to test devices. • Internal Scanning — Scan the two input channels of the Model 2182. • External Scanning — Scan the channels or matrix points of Keithley Model 7001/7002 switching cards. • Setup Storage — Two instrument setups (user and factory defaults) can be saved and recalled. • Analog Output — With analog output gain set to one, a full range input will result in a 1V analog output. • Remote Interface — The Model 2182 can be controlled using the IEEE-488 interface (GPIB) or the RS-232 interface. • GPIB Programming Language — When using the GPIB, the instrument can be programmed using the SCPI or Model 182 (DDCs) programming language. • Closed-cover Calibration — The Model 2182 can be calibrated from either the front panel or the GPIB.